2019 Iran MO (3rd Round)

Mid-Terms

Algebra

1

$a,b$ and $c$ are positive real numbers so that $\sum_{\text{cyc}} (a+b)^2=2\sum_{\text{cyc}} a +6abc$. Prove that $$\sum_{\text{cyc}} (a-b)^2\leq\left|2\sum_{\text{cyc}} a -6abc\right|.$$

2

Find all function $f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ such that for any three real number $a,b,c$ , if $ a + f(b) + f(f(c)) = 0$ : $$ f(a)^3 + bf(b)^2 + c^2f(c) = 3abc $$. Proposed by Amirhossein Zolfaghari

3

We are given a natural number $d$. Find all open intervals of maximum length $I \subseteq R$ such that for all real numbers $a_0,a_1,...,a_{2d-1}$ inside interval $I$, we have that the polynomial $P(x)=x^{2d}+a_{2d-1}x^{2d-1}+...+a_1x+a_0$ has no real roots.

Combinatorics

1

Hossna is playing with a $m*n$ grid of points.In each turn she draws segments between points with the following conditions. **1.** No two segments intersect. **2.** Each segment is drawn between two consecutive rows. **3.** There is at most one segment between any two points. Find the maximum number of regions Hossna can create.

2

Let $n,k$ be positive integers so that $n \ge k$.Find the maximum number of binary sequances of length $n$ so that fixing any arbitary $k$ bits they do not produce all binary sequances of length $k$.For exmple if $k=1$ we can only have one sequance otherwise they will differ in at least one bit which means that bit produces all binary sequances of length $1$.

3

Cells of a $n*n$ square are filled with positive integers in the way that in the intersection of the $i-$th column and $j-$th row, the number $i+j$ is written. In every step, we can choose two non-intersecting equal rectangles with one dimension equal to $n$ and swap all the numbers inside these two rectangles with one another. ( without reflection or rotation ) Find the minimum number of moves one should do to reach the position where the intersection of the $i-$th column and $j-$row is written $2n+2-i-j$.

Geometry

1

Given a cyclic quadrilateral $ABCD$. There is a point $P$ on side $BC$ such that $\angle PAB=\angle PDC=90^\circ$. The medians of vertexes $A$ and $D$ in triangles $PAB$ and $PDC$ meet at $K$ and the bisectors of $\angle PAB$ and $\angle PDC$ meet at $L$. Prove that $KL\perp BC$.

2

Consider an acute-angled triangle $ABC$ with $AB=AC$ and $\angle A>60^\circ$. Let $O$ be the circumcenter of $ABC$. Point $P$ lies on circumcircle of $BOC$ such that $BP\parallel AC$ and point $K$ lies on segment $AP$ such that $BK=BC$. Prove that $CK$ bisects the arc $BC$ of circumcircle of $BOC$.

3

Consider a triangle $ABC$ with circumcenter $O$ and incenter $I$. Incircle touches sides $BC,CA$ and $AB$ at $D, E$ and $F$. $K$ is a point such that $KF$ is tangent to circumcircle of $BFD$ and $KE$ is tangent to circumcircle of $CED$. Prove that $BC,OI$ and $AK$ are concurrent.

Number Theory

1

Given a number $k\in \mathbb{N}$. $\{a_{n}\}_{n\geq 0}$ and $\{b_{n}\}_{n\geq 0}$ are two sequences of positive integers that $a_{i},b_{i}\in \{1,2,\cdots,9\}$. For all $n\geq 0$ $$\left.\overline{a_{n}\cdots a_{1}a_{0}}+k \ \middle| \ \overline{b_{n}\cdots b_{1}b_{0}}+k \right. .$$Prove that there is a number $1\leq t \leq 9$ and $N\in \mathbb{N}$ such that $b_n=ta_n$ for all $n\geq N$. (Note that $(\overline{x_nx_{n-1}\dots x_0}) = 10^n\times x_n + \dots + 10\times x_1 + x_0$)

2

Prove that for any positive integers $m>n$, there is infinitely many positive integers $a,b$ such that set of prime divisors of $a^m+b^n$ is equal to set of prime divisors of $a^{2019}+b^{1398}$.

3

Let $S$ be an infinite set of positive integers and define: $T=\{ x+y|x,y \in S , x \neq y \} $ Suppose that there are only finite primes $p$ so that: 1.$p \equiv 1 \pmod 4$ 2.There exists a positive integer $s$ so that $p|s,s \in T$. Prove that there are infinity many primes that divide at least one term of $S$.

Finals

Algebra

1

Let $A_1,A_2, \dots A_k$ be points on the unit circle.Prove that: $\sum\limits_{1\le i<j \le k} d(A_i,A_j)^2 \le k^2 $ Where $d(A_i,A_j)$ denotes the distance between $A_i,A_j$.

2

$P(x)$ is a monoic polynomial with integer coefficients so that there exists monoic integer coefficients polynomials $p_1(x),p_2(x),\dots ,p_n(x)$ so that for any natural number $x$ there exist an index $j$ and a natural number $y$ so that $p_j(y)=P(x)$ and also $deg(p_j) \ge deg(P)$ for all $j$.Show that there exist an index $i$ and an integer $k$ so that $P(x)=p_i(x+k)$.

3

Let $a,b,c$ be non-zero distinct real numbers so that there exist functions $f,g:\mathbb{R}^{+} \to \mathbb{R}$ so that: $af(xy)+bf(\frac{x}{y})=cf(x)+g(y)$ For all positive real $x$ and large enough $y$. Prove that there exists a function $h:\mathbb{R}^{+} \to \mathbb{R}$ so that: $f(xy)+f(\frac{x}{y})=2f(x)+h(y)$ For all positive real $x$ and large enough $y$.

Combinatorics

1

A bear is in the center of the left down corner of a $100*100$ square .we call a cycle in this grid a bear cycle if it visits each square exactly ones and gets back to the place it started.Removing a row or column with compose the bear cycle into number of pathes.Find the minimum $k$ so that in any bear cycle we can remove a row or column so that the maximum length of the remaining pathes is at most $k$.

2

Let $T$ be a triangulation of a $100$-gon.We construct $P(T)$ by copying the same $100$-gon and drawing a diagonal if it was not drawn in $T$ an there is a quadrilateral with this diagonal and two other vertices so that all the sides and diagonals(Except the one we are going to draw) are present in $T$.Let $f(T)$ be the number of intersections of diagonals in $P(T)$.Find the minimum and maximum of $f(T)$.

Geometry

1

Consider a triangle $ABC$ with incenter $I$. Let $D$ be the intersection of $BI,AC$ and $CI$ intersects the circumcircle of $ABC$ at $M$. Point $K$ lies on the line $MD$ and $\angle KIA=90^\circ$. Let $F$ be the reflection of $B$ about $C$. Prove that $BIKF$ is cyclic.

2

In acute-angled triangle $ABC$ altitudes $BE,CF$ meet at $H$. A perpendicular line is drawn from $H$ to $EF$ and intersects the arc $BC$ of circumcircle of $ABC$ (that doesn’t contain $A$) at $K$. If $AK,BC$ meet at $P$, prove that $PK=PH$.

3

Given an inscribed pentagon $ABCDE$ with circumcircle $\Gamma$. Line $\ell$ passes through vertex $A$ and is tangent to $\Gamma$. Points $X,Y$ lie on $\ell$ so that $A$ lies between $X$ and $Y$. Circumcircle of triangle $XED$ intersects segment $AD$ at $Q$ and circumcircle of triangle $YBC$ intersects segment $AC$ at $P$. Lines $XE,YB$ intersects each other at $S$ and lines $XQ, Y P$ at $Z$. Prove that circumcircle of triangles $XY Z$ and $BES$ are tangent.

Number Theory

1

Find all functions $f:\mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{N}$ so that for any distinct positive integers $x,y,z$ the value of $x+y+z$ is a perfect square if and only if $f(x)+f(y)+f(z)$ is a perfect square.

2

Call a polynomial $P(x)=a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\dots a_1x+a_0$ with integer coefficients primitive if and only if $\gcd(a_n,a_{n-1},\dots a_1,a_0) =1$. a)Let $P(x)$ be a primitive polynomial with degree less than $1398$ and $S$ be a set of primes greater than $1398$.Prove that there is a positive integer $n$ so that $P(n)$ is not divisible by any prime in $S$. b)Prove that there exist a primitive polynomial $P(x)$ with degree less than $1398$ so that for any set $S$ of primes less than $1398$ the polynomial $P(x)$ is always divisible by product of elements of $S$.

3

Let $a,m$ be positive integers such that $Ord_m (a)$ is odd and for any integers $x,y$ so that 1.$xy \equiv a \pmod m$ 2.$Ord_m(x) \le Ord_m(a)$ 3.$Ord_m(y) \le Ord_m(a)$ We have either $Ord_m(x)|Ord_m(a)$ or $Ord_m(y)|Ord_m(a)$.prove that $Ord_m(a)$ contains at most one prime factor.