A rectangular array has $ n$ rows and $ 6$ columns, where $ n \geq 2$. In each cell there is written either $ 0$ or $ 1$. All rows in the array are different from each other. For each two rows $ (x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5},x_{6})$ and $ (y_{1},y_{2},y_{3},y_{4},y_{5},y_{6})$, the row $ (x_{1}y_{1},x_{2}y_{2},x_{3}y_{3},x_{4}y_{4},x_{5}y_{5},x_{6}y_{6})$ can be found in the array as well. Prove that there is a column in which at least half of the entries are zeros.
Problem
Source: Baltic Way 2005/7
Tags: vector, floor function, combinatorics proposed, combinatorics, Baltic Way, 2005, #7
23.05.2013 01:19
If we think of a row as being the indicator vector for a subset of a set $X$ of $6$ elements, the problem can be stated as, given a family $\mathcal{F}$ of at least $2$ subsets of a set $X$ of $6$ elements, closed to intersection, then there exists some element $x\in X$ such that $x$ is missing from at least half the subsets in $\mathcal{F}$. This rewording has the advantage to offer a natural interpretation to the stuff on the result of that operation on rows.
23.05.2013 02:47
Here's a sketch of a solution, which I wrote on my phone during a field trip in October. I remember commenting that I was melting. Quote: So uh assume for contradiction that each column has >1/2 ones. So on average there are more ones and zeros and for n>3 that means there will either be a row with exactly four ones or a row with exactly five ones. (Case of 111111 is annoying though). If there's a row 111110 then last column has more than half zeros since anything that ends with 1 has an analogous row ending with 0. If there's a row 111100 then let A be the set of those ending with 01 and B with 10. Note that rows ending with 00 are a "subset" of those ending with 11 like before. So if B>A then last column works; otherwise penultimate column works. To elaborate on the parenthetical note in the first paragraph: note that if 111111 is a row, and all other rows have at most three ones, then there are at most $6+3(n-1) = 3n+3$ ones. This is pretty bad, because we need at least $6\left\lfloor \tfrac{n+1}{2} \right\rfloor$ ones, and so we deduce that all other rows have three $1$'s, and furthermore, $n$ must be odd. But then by multiplying two distinct rows with three ones, we get a row with strictly fewer than three ones, and that's a contradiction.