Two planes, $P$ and $Q$, intersect along the line $p$. The point $A$ is given in the plane $P$, and the point $C$ in the plane $Q$; neither of these points lies on the straight line $p$. Construct an isosceles trapezoid $ABCD$ (with $AB \parallel CD$) in which a circle can be inscribed, and with vertices $B$ and $D$ lying in planes $P$ and $Q$ respectively.
Problem
Source: IMO 1959, Day 2, Problem 6
Tags: geometry, trapezoid, 3D geometry, IMO, IMO 1959
06.10.2005 03:47
We first list some facts which are basic to the construction. The parallel sides $AB$ and $CD$ of the desired trapezoid $ABCD$ must both be parallel to $p$. The distance $CE$ between them is equal to the diameter of the inscribed circle. The distance $AC$ between the given points $A$ and $C$ is known. Denote the still unknown distances $AB$ and $CD$ by $a$ and $B$, respectively, and the equal distances $AD$ and $BC$ by $s$. Since the two tangents from a vertex of the quadrilateral to the inscribed circle are equal, \[ AB+CD=AD+BC \Leftrightarrow a+b=2s \] so $s=\dfrac{1}{2} \left( a+b \right)$. If $a<b$, then $AE=a+BE=\dfrac{1}{2} \left( a+b \right)=s$. If $a>b$, then $a-2BE=b$, so $BE=\dfrac{1}{2} \left( a-b \right)$ and $AE=a-BE=\dfrac{1}{2} \left( a+b \right)=s$. Thus in both cases $AE=s$. Construction: In plane $P$, constructa line $l$ through $A$ parallel to $p$; in plane $Q$, construct a line $m$ through $C$ parallel to $p$. Construct a perpendicular to $CD$ at $C$ meeting $l$ at $E$. With $AE$ as a radius and $C$ as a center, draw an arc of a circle intersecting line $AE$ at $B$. With the same radius and $A$ as a center, draw an arc of a circle intersecting line $m$ at $D$. Both desired vertices $B$ and $D$ are now located. Note: If $CE<AE$, two solutions exist. If $AE=CE$, ther is only one solution, a square. If $CE>AE$, the problem has no solution.
31.03.2020 01:34
the above problem, and the variation in which the quadrilateral is named ABDC instead of ABCD, have been solved by Kostas Dortsios in pdf here (in English and in Greek)