If $0=x_{1}<x_{2}<...<x_{2n+1}=1$ are real numbers with $x_{i+1}-x_{i} \leq h$ for $1 \leq i \leq 2n$, show that $\frac{1-h}{2}<\sum_{i=1}^{n}{x_{2i}(x_{2i+1}-x_{2i-1})}\leq \frac{1+h}{2}$
Problem
Source: Turkey TST 1996 Problem 3
Tags: inequalities proposed, inequalities
25.08.2015 14:13
Any solution?
07.01.2018 19:07
There is a really nice solution in Titu Andreescu's book, which goes as follows. I will just state idea, and will not carry out the details. Motivation Just like how we take the partition of a fixed, compact, interval, and compute upper/lower Darboux sums to evaluate Riemann integral. Suppose, these points are fixed, and consider the line $y=x$. The sum in the middle, can be interpreted as the sum of the areas of bunch of rectangles; while, the terms $1/2$, on left-hand-side, and right-hand-side, are the area of the triangle. The simple $h$ terms, are simply the departures from the triangle, and can be proven very easily.
15.11.2024 15:11
It isn't difficult to solve it. We just need to consider the minimum and the maximum of all $x_{2k}$. On one hand, it's clear that $x_{2k}>x_{2k-1}$ and $x_{2k}\ge x_{2k+1}-h$ $\therefore x_{2k}\ge \max\{x_{2k-1},x_{2k+1}-h\}\ge \frac{1}{2}(x_{2k-1}+x_{2k+1}-h)$ $\therefore \sum\limits_{k=1}^nx_{2k}(x_{2k+1}-x_{2k-1})\ge \sum\limits_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{2}(x_{2k-1}+x_{2k+1}-h)(x_{2k+1}-x_{2k-1})=\frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_{k=1}^n\left(-(x_{2k+1}-x_{2k-1})h+(x_{2k+1}^2-x_{2k-1}^2)\right)=\frac{1-h}{2}$. On the one hand, we have $x_{2k}<x_{2k+1}$ and $x_{2k}\le x_{2k-1}+h$ $\therefore x_{2k}\le \min\{x_{2k-1},x_{2k+1}-h\}\le \frac{1}{2}(x_{2k-1}+x_{2k+1}+h)$ $\therefore \sum\limits_{k=1}^nx_{2k}(x_{2k+1}-x_{2k-1})\le \sum\limits_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{2}(x_{2k-1}+x_{2k+1}+h)(x_{2k+1}-x_{2k-1})=\frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_{k=1}^n\left((x_{2k+1}-x_{2k-1})h+(x_{2k+1}^2-x_{2k-1}^2)\right)=\frac{1+h}{2} $. Q.E.D