Find the sum of the smallest and largest possible values for $x$ which satisfy the following equation. $$9^{x+1} + 2187 = 3^{6x-x^2}.$$
Problem
Source: 2023 NZMO - New Zealand Maths Olympiad Round 1 p3
Tags: algebra
Entrepreneur
07.09.2023 07:54
Wolfram Alpha gives, $$x_{\min}\approx 1.6309713648256927866$$$$x_{\max}\approx 3.3690286351743072134$$Hence, $\boxed{x_{\min}+x_{\max}\approx 5}.$
Myddguai
07.09.2023 09:41
Entrepreneur wrote: Wolfram Alpha gives, $$x_{\min}\approx 1.6309713648256927866$$$$x_{\max}\approx 3.3690286351743072134$$Hence, $\boxed{x_{\min}+x_{\max}\approx 5}.$ You can't use Wolfram-Alpha during the exam.
We claim the answer is $\boxed{5}$.
It is easy to notice that
$9^{x+1}+2187=3^{6x-x^2}$
$ \implies 3^{2x+2}+3^7=3^{6x-x^2}$
$\implies 3^{x^2-4x+2}+3^{x^2-6x+7}=1$
$\implies 3^{x^2-4x+4}+3^{x^2-6x+9}=9$
$\implies 3^{(x-2)^2}+3^{(x-3)^2}=9$
so it suffices to prove the following claim:
If $x=3-\sqrt{2}+k$ is a solution, then $x=2+\sqrt{2}-k$ is a solution, for an arbitrary real number $k$.
$\textit{Proof:}$ This is true by simply substituting into the last equation and checking:
$x= 3-\sqrt{2}+k \implies 3^{(k-\sqrt{2})^2}+3^{(k+1-\sqrt{2})^2}=9$
$x= 2+\sqrt{2}-k \implies 3^{(\sqrt{2}-k)^2}+3^{(\sqrt{2}-k-1)^2}=9$
The RHS of the two above equations are clearly equivalent, so the claim is true. $\square$
Thus, it suffices to choose minimal or maximal $k$, and the sum will hence be $5$, as desired. $\blacksquare$