Problem

Source: 1st Girls in Mathematics Tournament 2019 p1 (Brazil) / Torneio Meninas na Matematica (TM^2 )

Tags: number theory, Perfect Squares, Perfect Square, combinatorics



During the factoring class, Esmeralda observed that $1$, $3$ and $5$ can be written as the difference of two perfect squares, as can be seen: $1 = 1^2 - 0^2$ $3 = 2^2 - 1^2$ $5 = 3^2 - 2^2$ a) Show that all numbers written in the form $2 * m + 1$ can be written as a difference of two perfect squares. b) Show how to calculate the value of the expression $E = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2m + 1)$. c) Esmeralda, happy with what she discovered, decided to look for other ways to write $2019$ as the difference of two perfect squares of positive integers. Determine how many ways it can do what you want.