Source: Balkan BMO Shortlist 2016 A4
Tags: algebra, inequalities, minimum, three variable inequality
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The positive real numbers $a, b, c$ satisfy the equality $a + b + c = 1$. For every natural number $n$ find the minimal possible value of the expression $$E=\frac{a^{-n}+b}{1-a}+\frac{b^{-n}+c}{1-b}+\frac{c^{-n}+a}{1-c}$$
This is a wonderful problem.
Attachments:
Write
$$\frac {a^{-n}+b}{1-a} = \frac {1 +a^{n}b}{a^n(b+c)}= \frac {a^{n+1} +1 +a^{n}b -a^{n+1}}{a^n(b+c)}= \frac {a+b}{b+c} + \frac {(b+c)(1+a+a^2+ \dots +a^n)}{a^n(b+c)}$$
So $$E = \sum_{\text {cyc}} \frac {a+b}{b+c} + 3 +
\sum_{k=1}^{n} \left(\sum_{\text {cyc}} a^{-k} \right)$$
Now we use the estimates :==
$$\sum_{\text {cyc}} \frac {a+b}{b+c} \overset {\text {AM-GM}}{\geq}3$$
And
$$\left( \frac {a^{-k}+b^{-k} + c^{-k} }{3} \right) ^ {\frac {-1}{k}} \overset {\text {Power-Mean}}{\leq} \frac {a+b+c}{3} \implies a^{-k}+b^{-k}+c^{-k} \geq 3^{k+1}$$
So $$E \geq 3+3+3^2+ \dots + 3^{n+1} \implies \boxed{E_{\text {min}} = \frac {3^{n+2}+3}{2}}$$
Done . $\blacksquare$
Equality holds at $a=b=c= \frac 13$