I claim that all primes of the form $3k+1$ can be written in the form $a^2+ab+b^2$ for some positive integers $a$ and $b$. It is well known that there exists infinitely many primes of this form.
Lemma: Given any prime of the form $3k+1$, there exists a solution to the equation $x^2+x+1=0\left(\operatorname{mod}p\right)$
Proof: This is equivalent to the quadratic congruence $\left(2x+1\right)^2=-3\left(\operatorname{mod}p\right)$. So, using Legrende notation, we need to show that $\left(\frac{-3}{p}\right) = 1$. We also have $\left(\frac{-3}{p}\right)=\left(\frac{3}{p}\right)\left(\frac{-1}{p}\right)$. It is known that $\left(\frac{-1}{p}\right)=\left(-1\right)^{\frac{p-1}{2}}$, and by quadratic reciprocity, $\left(\frac{3}{p}\right)\left(\frac{p}{3}\right)=\left(-1\right)^{\frac{p-1}{2}\cdot\frac{3-1}{2}}=\left(-1\right)^{\frac{p-1}{2}}$. But as $p=3k+1$, $\left(\frac{p}{3}\right)=1$ and thus $\left(\frac{3}{p}\right)=\left(-1\right)^{\frac{p-1}{2}}$ and so finally $\left(\frac{-3}{p}\right)=\left(-1\right)^{p-1}=1$
So by our lemma, for any prime of the form $3k+1$, there exists an $x$ such that $x^2+x+1=mp$ for some integer $m$. So we have integers $a, b$ such that $a^2+ab+b^2=mp$ for some integer $m$. Note that as $x\le p-1$, $m < p$ and thus is coprime to $p$. I will now show that either $m=1$, and so we are done, or we can always find a smaller set of solutions to $a^2+ab+b^2=mp$ for some integer $m$.Suppose $m$ is strictly greater than $1$ and let $a=a'\left(\operatorname{mod}m\right)$ and $b=b'\left(\operatorname{mod}m\right)$ where $\frac{-m}{2}\le a',\ b'\le\frac{m}{2}$
Now consider the following:
$\frac{\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)\left(b'^2+a'b'+a'^2\right)}{m^2}=\left(\frac{ab'-ba'}{m}\right)^2+\left(\frac{ab'-ba'}{m}\right)\left(\frac{aa'+bb'+ba'}{m}\right)+\left(\frac{aa'+bb'+ba'}{m}\right)^2$
From our definitions of $a'$ and $b'$, and from the knowledge $a^2+ab+b^2=0\left(\operatorname{mod}m\right)$, it is clear that our new solution does consist of integers. Also, the result is still a multiple of $p$, as $m$ and $p$ are coprime. Not only that, but $a'^2+a'b'+b'^2\le\frac{3}{4}m^2$ and thus if we were to write this new solution as $np$ for some integer $n$, it is clear than $n<m$. Hence we repeat this process until $m=1$ and hence we are done.
Suppose there were only finitely many primes $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_k$ where $a_k = m_k^2 + m_kn_k + n_k^2.$
Now let $P = a_1a_2a_3\dots a_k = a^2+ab+b^2$ for some $a, b$ (P can be represented this way through induction and Kaskade's hint) and consider $3P^2 = P^2 + PP + P^2 = (1^2+ 1\cdot 1 + 1^2)(a^2+ab+b^2)(a^2+ab+b^2).$
This is only partial progress, but I'm sure the solution is near.
Let $p\equiv1\pmod6$ and choose $x$ such that $x^2+x+1\equiv0\pmod p$. By Thue's lemma, choose $m\in(-\sqrt{p},\sqrt{p})$ and $n\in(0,\sqrt{p})$ such that $x\equiv\frac{m}{n}\pmod p$. WLOG $(m,n)=1$ otherwise we can divide out and the conditions on $m,n$ still holds. Then $m^2+mn+n^2\equiv0\pmod p$ but $0<m^2+mn+n^2<3p$ so the expression is either $p$ or $2p$. But note that $m^2+mn+n^2$ is even if and only if $m$ and $n$ are both even, so we have that $m^2+mn+n^2=p$ as desired.