King George has decided to connect the $1680$ islands in his kingdom by bridges. Unfortunately the rebel movement will destroy two bridges after all the bridges have been built, but not two bridges from the same island. What is the minimal number of bridges the King has to build in order to make sure that it is still possible to travel by bridges between any two of the $1680$ islands after the rebel movement has destroyed two bridges?
Problem
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Tags: combinatorics, graph theory
04.04.2017 20:53
What is the answer? 2+3*(1680/2 -1)
04.04.2017 21:05
The answer is $2016$.
17.06.2018 03:36
Could you tell me how to solve this problem???Thx
03.08.2021 02:12
We claim that the answer at least $\lceil {\frac{6}{5}n}\rceil$. It is tight for $n=5k$. To see this, first construct a cycle of length $4k$, and number the elements $1,2,\ldots 4k$. Then, we create $k$ new points $P_i$, each of which are connected to $i$ and $2k+i$. The number of degrees here is original $4k$ + new $2k$ = $6k$. To verify that this construction works, note that if we cut $<2$ from the $4k$-cycle, everything is connected to the $4k$-cycle still. Otherwise, if we cut $2$ from the outer ring, you'll always be able to use the paths from $i\to P_i\to 2i+1$ to make your way anywhere. To now prove this is optimal, we use induction. Case 1: There exists a pair of linked vertices $A,B$ where $\deg A = \deg B = 2$. Then, we must have that $A,B$ are both connected to a third $C$. Thus, by the inductive hypothesis on everything except for $A,B$. \[f(n) \geq 3 + f(n-2) > \lceil \frac{6n}{5}\rceil\]Now, for the second case, no two elements with degree 2 are incident. Say that there are $x$ with degree 2, and $n-x$ vertices with degree $\geq 3$. Then, we firstly have that the set of edges from $x$ are disjoint, so \[E\geq 2x\]and since the average degree of all $n-x$ are $\geq 3$, by handshake lemma we have \[E\geq \frac{2x+3(n-x)}{2}=\frac{3n-x}{2}\]Combining, $5E = E+4E\geq 2x + 4\cdot \frac{3n-x}{2} = 6n$. Thus, $E\geq \frac{6n}{5}$ and we're done. $\blacksquare$. To finish, we now just compute \[\frac65 \cdot 1680 = 2016\]