2023 Sinapore MO Open

P1

In a scalene triangle $ABC$ with centroid $G$ and circumcircle $\omega$ centred at $O$, the extension of $AG$ meets $\omega$ at $M$; lines $AB$ and $CM$ intersect at $P$; and lines $AC$ and $BM$ intersect at $Q$. Suppose the circumcentre $S$ of the triangle $APQ$ lies on $\omega$ and $A, O, S$ are collinear. Prove that $\angle AGO = 90^{o}$.

P2

A grid of cells is tiled with dominoes such that every cell is covered by exactly one domino. A subset $S$ of dominoes is chosen. Is it true that at least one of the following 2 statements is false? (1) There are $2022$ more horizontal dominoes than vertical dominoes in $S$. (2) The cells covered by the dominoes in $S$ can be tiled completely and exactly by $L$-shaped tetrominoes.

P3

Let $n \geq 2$ be a positive integer. For a positive integer $a$, let $Q_a(x)=x^n+ax$. Let $p$ be a prime and let $S_a=\{b | 0 \leq b \leq p-1, \exists c \in \mathbb {Z}, Q_a(c) \equiv b \pmod p \}$. Show that $\frac{1}{p-1}\sum_{a=1}^{p-1}|S_a|$ is an integer.

P4

Find all functions $f: \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z}$, such that $$f(x+y)((f(x) - f(y))^2+f(xy))=f(x^3)+f(y^3)$$for all integers $x, y$.

P5

Determine all real numbers $x$ between $0$ and $180$ such that it is possible to partition an equilateral triangle into finitely many triangles, each of which has an angle of $x^{o}$.